--- title: The 3 Most Popular RCA Tools description: 5 Whys, Fishbone Diagrams, and Cause Maps are the top 3 Root Cause Analysis tools every maintenance and operations team needs in their arsenal. 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However, problems are just symptoms of deeper issues. Fixing a problem quickly may be a convenient and immediate solution, but it doesn’t protect you from recurring mistakes or ongoing failures. That is why it is so important for teams to focus on finding the root cause of the problem and tackling it properly. Odds are, you've already done a Google search and found the many options and preferred methods out there. To help narrow it down, we’ll focus on the three most commonly used tools during a [Root Cause Analysis (RCA)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/triggers-of-an-rca). From the most basic of tools, the 5 Whys, to a bit more detailed fishbone Diagram, and onto a more comprehensive and complex tool, the Cause Map. ## 5 Whys Process The [5 Whys technique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_whys) is one of the simplest, most effective tools for RCA in the Lean Management arsenal. Every team faces roadblocks in their daily work. However, using the 5 Whys will help you find the shallow root cause of any problem and protect the process from recurring mistakes and failures. #### **Origin** Developed by Japanese inventor and industrialist, Sakichi Toyoda, the 5 Whys method became an integral part of the Lean philosophy and is delivered as part of the induction into the [Toyota Production System (TPS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Production_System). Taiichi Ohno, considered to be the father of TPS, described the 5 Whys method as, “the basis of Toyota’s approach is to ask why five times whenever we find a problem… by repeating ‘Why?' five times, the nature of the problem, as well as its solution, becomes clear.” Extending well beyond Toyota, the tool is now used within Kaizen, lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.  #### **5 Why Analysis in Action** A key factor for the successful implementation of the 5 Whys technique is to make an informed decision. To do so, the decision-making process must be based on an insightful understanding of what is truly happening on the work floor. In other words, the RCA process should include people with practical experience because logically they can give you the most valuable information regarding any problem that appears in their area of expertise. When applying the 5 Whys technique, you want to find the essence of the problem and then fix it. However, the 5 Whys may show you that the source of the problem is quite unexpected. Often issues that are considered technical problems, turn out to be human and process problems. Therefore, finding and eliminating the root cause is crucial if you want to avoid iteration of failures. ![5 Why Analysis in Action](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Blog%20Post%20Images/RCA%20Tools/RCA%20Types_%205%20Whys.svg) From the example above, you can see that the root cause of the initial problem turned out to be something different from most expectations and that it is not a technical problem, but a process problem. This is a typical scenario because we often neglect to focus on the human factor and only focus on the product part of the problem which is why the 5 Whys analysis is so effective. Its purpose is to inspect a specific problem in depth until it shows you the real cause. Bear in mind that much like age, “5” is just a number. You can ask “Why” as many times as you need to complete the process and take appropriate actions but remember to stay focused. #### **Getting Started** The 5 Whys is a great tool to help you achieve [continuous improvement](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/rca-dmaic-podcast) at any level of your organization. When creating a 5 Whys, here are some basic steps to follow:  **Step 1:** Form a Team Try to assemble a team of people from different departments who are familiar with the process that is going to be investigated so you can gain unique points of view. **Step 2:** Define the Problem Discuss the problem with the team and make a clear problem statement to help define the scope of the issue you are going to investigate. Be as focused as possible to find an effective solution in the end. **Step 3:** Ask Why Designate one person to facilitate the whole process by asking questions and keeping the team focused. The facilitator should continue asking “Why” until the team can identify the root cause of the initial problem. ![5 Why Matrix of Problem and Reasons](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Blog%20Post%20Images/RCA%20Tools/RCA%20Types_5whys2.svg) \* At times, there could be more than one root cause. When this occurs, the 5 Whys analysis will display more like a matrix with different branches and can help detect and eliminate organizational issues that can have negative impacts on overall performance. **Step 4:** Take Action After the team detects the root cause(s), it is time to take corrective actions. All members of the team should be involved in a discussion to find and apply the best solution that will protect your process from recurring problems. #### **Summary** The 5 Whys is a simple and effective problem-solving tool with the primary goal of finding the exact reason that caused a given problem by asking a sequence of “Why” questions. Benefits of using the 5 Whys method include: - Keeping your team focused on finding the root cause of any problem - Encouraging each team member to share ideas for continuous improvement, rather than blaming others - Giving your team the confidence to eliminate any problem and prevent the process from recurring failures --- ## **Fishbone/Ishikawa Diagram** The [Fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_diagram) is a form of cause-and-effect but without the details. It helps to track down the reasons for imperfections, variations, defects, or failures. The diagram looks just like a fish skeleton with the problem at its head and the causes for the problem feeding into the spine. Once all the underlying causes of the problem have been identified, you can start looking for solutions to ensure the problem doesn’t become a recurring one. #### **Origin** The idea of the fishbone diagram was revived by Japanese quality control expert, Professor Karou Ishikawa, at the Kawasaki shipyards in the 1960s. Ishikawa first used the Fishbone Diagram to explain to a group of engineers how a complex set of factors could be related to help understand a problem. However back in the 60s, the fishbone diagram wasn’t anything new. Even in the 1920s, it was seen as an important quality control tool and is still considered one of the seven basic quality tools today. #### **Fishbone Diagrams in Action** When it comes to quality and efficiency, variation equals imperfection and is your enemy. Whatever your business is, you don’t want to leave anything up to chance. From the moment your client contacts you, a predictable [process](https://www.nexusglobal.com/apm-solutions) aimed to complete customer satisfaction should be followed. Always remember... variation in the process, will mean variation in the product. This is why the Fishbone Diagram is so effective; it helps you determine the variables that may enter the equation. Then allows you to make plans on how to deal with them in such a way that the quality of your final product is without compromise and significant variation. #### **Getting Started** The Fishbone Diagram is effective at identifying possible causes of a problem that might otherwise be overlooked because it directs the team to look at defined categories and think of alternative causes. When creating a Fishbone Diagram, follow these basic steps: **Step 1:** Define the Problem Start by naming the main problem or incident. This usually goes at the head of the “fish” on the right of your diagram. **Step 2:** Decide Key Categories of Causes Possible causes of variation may be numerous, but they will invariably fall into the following six categories: Personnel/People, Methodologies, Machinery, Materials, Measurements, and Environment. Once decided, use the key categories to feed into the “spine” of your fish skeleton drawing. ![RCA Types Fishbone](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Blog%20Post%20Images/RCA%20Tools/RCA%20Types_Fishbone.svg) - Manufacturing industries most commonly use the 6 Ms (Material, Machine, Method, Manpower, Measurement, Mission/Mother Nature, Management and Money, Maintenance) - Service industries most commonly use the 4 Ss (Supplies, Surroundings, Systems, Skills) **Step 3:** Determine Actual Causes Brainstorm all the possible causes of the problem by asking “Why does this happen?” List each of the causal factors as a line or fishbone from the appropriate category. Any sub-causes can be indicated by similar mini-fish bones attached to the line indicating the category under consideration. #### **Summary** Fishbone Diagrams are a great way to look for and prevent quality problems before they ever arise. If used to troubleshoot before there is trouble, you can overcome all or most of your teething troubles when introducing something new. Benefits of using a Fishbone Diagram include: - Displays relationships clearly and logically for easy understanding and analysis - Identifies the possible causes of a problem - Reveals bottlenecks or areas of weakness in a business process - Avoids reoccurring issues - Ensures any corrective actions put into place will resolve the issue --- ## **Cause Map** People often think of cause-and-effect as a simple one-to-one relationship; an effect has a cause, but the reality is, every effect has causes. A Cause Map provides a visual explanation of why an incident or problem occurred by illustrating the relationship between a given outcome and all the factors that influence the outcome. It uses a systematic-thinking approach to RCA and focuses its analysis on causes supported by evidence. Cause Maps can also be referred to as a causal diagram and at times discussed in the same context as "Fishbone/Ishikawa Diagram" because of the way each line has relational aspects. #### **Fishbone Diagram vs Cause Map** Although the Cause Map and Fishbone are closely related, an obvious difference is that the fishbone diagram reads right to left. Kaoru Ishikawa created the Fishbone Diagram this way to follow his native Japanese language, which reads from right to left. The Cause Map method uses Ishikawa’s convention by asking Why questions in the direction we read, left to right, to build on the original lessons with the Fishbone but with some subtle, yet important distinctions: - Cause Maps Tie Problems to an Organization’s Overall Goals - Cause Maps Focus on Cause-and-Effect, not Categories - Cause Maps Focus on Evidence-Based Causes - Cause Maps Use a Systematic-Thinking Approach #### **Cause Maps in Action** Cause Maps can be used for several reasons, but are most commonly used to identify the causes and effects to get to a root cause, to sort out and relate some of the interactions among the factors affecting a specific process or effect, or to analyze existing problems so that corrective action can be taken. When you develop a Cause Map you are constructing a structured, visual display of a list of causes organized to show their relationship to a specific effect/symptom. Typically, the left or top box is the effect and the following box is the cause. As you build out the diagram the cause may become the effect of a new cause. ![RCA Types and Apparent Problems](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Blog%20Post%20Images/RCA%20Tools/RCA%20Types_Tree%20Diagram.svg) #### **Getting Started** Cause Maps can be created from scratch, or by converting Five Whys or Fishbone Diagrams to provide a full line of sight. Here are some of the basic steps for constructing and analyzing a Cause Map: **Step 1:** Define the Problem Identify and clearly define the issue to be analyzed by its impact on overall goals. When the problem is defined by the impact on the goals, it allows for alignment across the team. **Step 2:** Identify and Analyze the Causes Break the problem down into a visual map to provide a thorough explanation revealing all the causes required to produce the problem. You can do this by asking a series of why questions to understand why the problem occurred. **Step 3:** Find and Implement Solutions Analysis helps you identify causes that warrant further investigation. Selecting the best solutions should prevent or mitigate any negative impact on the goals. Effective solutions should make a change in how people execute the work process. ![RCA Types Cause Map of IC Chip Failure](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Blog%20Post%20Images/RCA%20Tools/RCA%20Types_Cause%20Map.svg) #### **Summary** A Cause Map is useful for identifying and organizing the known or possible causes of quality, or the lack of it, regarding equipment reliability, repairs, safety incidents, etc. Benefits of using a Cause Map include: - Provides a structured approach to determining the root causes of a problem or quality characteristic using systematic thinking - Follows an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-effect relationships - Indicates possible causes of variation in a process - Increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone learn more about the factors at work and how they relate - Identifies areas where data should be collected for further study --- ## **Conclusion** Now that you have a better understanding of the 3 most popular RCA tools, the next step is determining which method or tool is right for you. While some organizations still follow an antiquated process with spreadsheets and paper, best-in-class organizations are using digital tools to more effectively and efficiently manage their RCA program. With software that will guide you through performing an RCA using all 3 tools, you can take the guesswork out of creating 5 Whys, Fishbone Diagrams, and Cause Maps and focus on ensuring every incident results in improvement. To learn more about the benefits of digital RCA software, check out our [Investigation Optimizer™](https://www.nexusglobal.com/apmsolutions/investigation-management/investigationopt) tool. ##### **Article Accreditation:** 5 Why Trigger - kanbanize.com Fishbone - tallyfy.com; cms.gov Cause Map - reliabilityweb.com, .thinkreliability.com ### What does FIFO mean in inventory management? FIFO stands for **First In, First Out**. It is an inventory management method where the oldest stock is issued or used before newer stock. In an MRO storeroom, FIFO helps rotate spare parts and materials so they are less likely to expire, deteriorate, or become obsolete.  ### Why is FIFO important in an MRO storeroom? FIFO helps prevent older spare parts, consumables, and materials from remaining unused for extended periods. Regular inventory rotation can reduce waste, improve stock visibility, and help maintenance teams receive usable parts when they are needed. Learn more about [MRO Storerooms and Risk Mitigation](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-20-mro-storeroom). ### How does FIFO support maintenance and reliability? FIFO supports maintenance and reliability by helping ensure spare parts and materials are available in usable condition when maintenance work is performed. Regular stock rotation can also uncover expired, damaged, misplaced, or obsolete inventory before it causes maintenance delays. Effective inventory practices should also align with the organization's broader [Work Management](https://www.nexusglobal.com/apmsolutions/work-management) processes. ### How can organizations implement FIFO in a maintenance storeroom? Organizations can implement FIFO by clearly labeling receipt and expiration dates, organizing inventory so older stock is issued first, regularly inspecting materials, and establishing consistent receiving and issuing procedures. FIFO should also work alongside inventory-level controls to prevent both shortages and unnecessary overstocking. Learn more about establishing the right [Min/Max Inventory Levels](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-5-establishing-min/max-levels). - [Tweet](https://twitter.com/share) [![Implementing FIFO in Your Stockroom: Why It Makes a Difference](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Featured%20Images/Day%207%20feat%20images_Featured-1.jpg)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-7-implementing-fifo) #### [Implementing FIFO in Your Stockroom: Why It Makes a Difference](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-7-implementing-fifo) [![Picture of Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hs-fs/hubfs/nexus-global.jpg?width=30&name=nexus-global.jpg) Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/author/nexus-global) Learn how implementing FIFO can optimize your stock management during quarantine. [WORK MANAGEMENT](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/work-management) [MAINTENANCE](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/maintenance) [ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT (APM)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/asset-performance-management-apm) [RELIABILITY](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/reliability) [Read More](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-7-implementing-fifo) [![The Importance of MRO Storerooms in Risk Mitigation](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Featured%20Images/Day-20-feat-image.png)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-20-mro-storeroom) #### [The Importance of MRO Storerooms in Risk Mitigation](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-20-mro-storeroom) [![Picture of Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hs-fs/hubfs/nexus-global.jpg?width=30&name=nexus-global.jpg) Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/author/nexus-global) MRO Storerooms are all about Risk Mitigation and having the right parts at the right time to ensure high equipment availability. [WORK MANAGEMENT](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/work-management) [MAINTENANCE](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/maintenance) [ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT (APM)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/asset-performance-management-apm) [RELIABILITY](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/reliability) [Read More](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-20-mro-storeroom) [![Hidden Materials: The Cost of “Squirrel Nests” in Maintenance](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hubfs/Featured%20Images/Day-8-feat-images.png)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-8-hidden-material) #### [Hidden Materials: The Cost of “Squirrel Nests” in Maintenance](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-8-hidden-material) [![Picture of Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/hs-fs/hubfs/nexus-global.jpg?width=30&name=nexus-global.jpg) Nexus Global](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/author/nexus-global) Is your storeroom practicing 5S activities routinely? Too many storeroom operations I visit are practicing 2S or 3S. Maybe even 2.5S! 5S is a culture. [WORK MANAGEMENT](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/work-management) [MAINTENANCE](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/maintenance) [ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT (APM)](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/asset-performance-management-apm) [CMMS & EAM](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/tag/cmms-eam) [Read More](https://blog.nexusglobal.com/quarantined-day-8-hidden-material) Nexus Global Business Solutions, Inc. Nexus Global Business Solutions, Inc. 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